1: Phytochemistry. 2006 Dec 21; [Epub ahead of print]
ACAT inhibition of alkamides identified in the fruits of Piper nigrum.
Rho MC, Lee SW, Park HR, Choi JH, Kang JY, Kim K, Lee HS, Kim YK.
Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and
Biotechnology, 52 Eoundong, Yusong/gu, Daejon 305/333, Republic of Korea.
In this study, via a bioactivity/guided fractionation of MeOH extracts of the
fruits of Piper nigrum, alkamide (5) and five previously/identified alkamides
were isolated. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis
((1)H, (13)C NMR and ESI/MS), as follows: retrofractamide A (1), pipercide (2),
piperchabamide D (3), pellitorin (4), dehydroretrofractamide C (5) and
dehydropipernonaline (6). The IC(50) values determined for the compounds were
24.5 (1), 3.7 (2), 13.5 (3), 40.5 (4), 60 (5) and 90muM (6), according to the
results of an ACAT enzyme assay system using rat liver microsomes. These
compounds all inhibited cholesterol esterification in HepG2 cells.
PMID: 17188313 [PubMed / as supplied by publisher]
2: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Dec 27;54(26):9759/63.
Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by alkamides isolated from the
fruits of Piper longum and Piper nigrum.
Lee SW, Rho MC, Park HR, Choi JH, Kang JY, Lee JW, Kim K, Lee HS, Kim YK.
Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and
Biotechnology, Daejeon 305/333, Korea, and School of Medicine, Pusan National
University, Pusan, Korea.
Pharmacological inhibition of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC
2.3.1.20) has emerged as a potential therapy for the treatment of obesity and
type 2 diabetes. Bioassay/guided isolation of CHCl3 extracts of the fruits of
Piper longum and Piper nigum (Piperaceae), using an in vitro DGAT inhibitory
assay, lead to isolation of a new alkamide named
(2E,4Z,8E)/N/[9/(3,4/methylenedioxyphenyl)/2,4,8/nonatrienoyl]piperidine (2),
together with four known alkamides: retrofractamide C (1), pipernonaline (3),
piperrolein B (4), and dehydropipernonaline (5). Compounds 2/5 inhibited DGAT
with IC50 values of 29.8 (2), 37.2 (3), 20.1 (4), and 21.2 (5) microM,
respectively, but the IC50 value for 1 was more than 900 microM. This finding
indicates that compounds possessing piperidine groups (2/5) can be potential
DGAT inhibitors.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 17177498 [PubMed / in process]
3: Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2006 Sep;17(9):1633/6.
[Potential allelopathic effects of Piper nigrum, Mangifera indica and Clausena
lansium]
[Article in Chinese]
Yan G, Zhu C, Luo Y, Yang Y, Wei J.
College of Environment and Plant Protection, South China University of Tropical
Agriculture, Danzhou, China. yan_guijun@163.com
With Piper nigrum, Mangifera indica and Clausena lansium as the donators, this
paper studied their potential allelopathic effects on the germination and growth
of Zea mays, Glycine max, Cucurbita moschata, Arachis hypogaea, Raphanus
sativus, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria sanguinalis and Stylosanthes
guianensis. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of these donators could
inhibit the germination and growth of Z. mays, G. max, C. moschata, E.
crus/galli and D. sanguinalis at high concentration, but stimulate them at low
concentration. In rhizosphere soil of P. nigrum and M. indica, the germination
and growth of Z. mays L was stimulated, while A. hypogaea was inhibited. The
aqueous extracts of the donators were extracted by ethyl acetate and n/butanol,
respectively, and the inhibitory activity of both aqueous and n/butanol
fractions from P. nigrum and M. indica on Z. mays, R. sativus and S. guianensis
was stronger than that of ethyl acetate fraction, indicating that P. nigrum and
M. indica contained the allelochemicals with high polarity.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 17147171 [PubMed / in process]
4: J Environ Sci Eng. 2005 Oct;47(4):276/85.
Interaction of potassium phosphonate fungicide in laterite soil.
Kumar RA, Velayudhan KT, Vasu K, Ramachandran V, Bhai RS, Unnikrishnan G.
Isotope Hydrology Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and
Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.
Potassium phosphonate is a fungicide widely used to control Phytophthora fungi
species in many crops all over the world. In this paper, an attempt has been
made to study the interaction of potassium phosphonate with soil under varying
pH and calcium level. Several reports available in literature indicate that the
phosphonate in organic form adsorb strongly on almost all mineral surfaces and
natural materials like soil and sediments. The present study conducted on
laterite soil of Kerala using 2 mm sieved sample indicated that phosphonate
obeys Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Though at lower concentrations, Langmuir
model equally fits well, deviation was observed at higher concentrations. pH and
calcium content of the soil had striking influence on the interaction of the
chemical with the soil. The calcium source also appeared to influence the
adsorption phenomenon. Since potassium phosphonate is extensively used to
control Phytophthora fungi species in black pepper (Piper nigrum) plantations in
India and liming is a standard practice followed as soil amendment in acid soils
to increase the soil pH, this study may help to maintain good soil quality.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 17051913 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Pak J Pharm Sci. 2006 Jul;19(3):214/8.
Bactericidal activity of black pepper, bay leaf, aniseed and coriander against
oral isolates.
Chaudhry NM, Tariq P.
Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi/75270, Pakistan.
Present investigation focused on antibacterial potential of aqueous decoction of
black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.), aniseed
(Pimpinella anisum L.), and coriander (Coriandum sativum L.) against 176
bacterial isolates belonging to 12 different genera of bacterial population
isolated from oral cavity of 200 individuals. The disc diffusion technique was
employed. Overall aqueous decoction of black pepper was the most bacterial/toxic
exhibited 75% antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous decoction of bay
leaf (53.4%) and aqueous decoction of aniseed (18.1%), at the concentration of
10 ml/disc. The aqueous decoction of coriander did not show any antibacterial
effect against tested bacterial isolates.
PMID: 16935829 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Nov/Dec;24(6):491/8.
Efficacy of piperine, an alkaloidal constituent from Piper nigrum on erythrocyte
antioxidant status in high fat diet and antithyroid drug induced hyperlipidemic
rats.
Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N.
Department of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar/608 002,
Tamilnadu, India.
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of piperine on
erythrocyte antioxidant status in high fat diet (HFD) and antithyroid drug
induced hyperlipidemic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups.
The first four groups were fed a control diet and in addition were given
respectively 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); 10 mg/kg body weight carbimazole
(CM); 10 mg CM + 40 mg/kg body weight piperine and 10 mg CM + 2 mg/kg body
weight atorvastatin (ATV). A similar pattern was followed for the next four
groups except that they were all fed HFD instead of the control diet.
Erythrocyte osmotic fragility, total cholesterol, phospholipids, lipid
peroxidation products, enzymic and non/enzymic antioxidant status were studied
in all experimental groups. Significantly increased osmotic fragility, total
cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and
lipid hydroperoxides were observed in the plasma and erythrocytes of HFD fed and
CM treated rats compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase, catalase,
glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E and reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and
vitamin C in the plasma were also significantly lowered in HFD fed, antithyroid
drug treated rats compared to control animals. Concurrent piperine
supplementation along with HFD and antithyroid drug administration normalized
erythrocyte osmotic fragility, reduced lipid peroxidation, and improved the
enzymic and non/enzymic antioxidant status compared to those rats that did not
receive piperine. Thus, our results indicate that piperine supplementation
markedly protects erythrocytes from oxidative stress by improving the
antioxidant status in HFD fed antithyroid drug treated rats. Copyright (c) 2006
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16927417 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
7: J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;17(2):71/86.
Piperine, an active principle from Piper nigrum, modulates hormonal and apo
lipoprotein profiles in hyperlipidemic rats.
Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N.
Department ofBiochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University,
Annamalainagar/608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
PURPOSE: To study the effect of piperine, an alkaloid, on thyroid hormones and
apolipoproteins in high/fat/diet (HFD) and antithyroid drug/induced
hyperlipidemic rats. EXPERIMENTAL: Male Wistar rats were first divided into two
groups, control diet and high/fat diet (HFD) and then subdivided into four
subgroups of ten animals each. The animals were treated with the following
regimens for 10 weeks: 1% carboxymethyl cellulose; 10 mg carbimazole (CM)/kg
body weight; 10 mg CM + 40 mg piperine/kg body weight, and 10 mg CM + 2 mg
atorvastatin /ATV//kg body weight. Lipid profiles, hormone levels, and
apolipoprotein levels were studied in all groups. RESULTS: HFD and/or CM
administration significantly elevated the plasma levels of total cholesterol,
VLDL, LDL, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids, but significantly
reduced the HDL levels. Moreover, CM administration significantly reduced apo
A/I levels and T3, T4 and testosterone levels while significantly elevating
plasma apo B, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and insulin levels. The
simultaneous administration of piperine and HFD significantly reduced plasma
lipids and lipoproteins levels, except for HDL, which was significantly
elevated. Piperine supplementation also improved the plasma levels of apo A/I,
T3, T4, testosterone, and I and significantly reduced apo B, TSH, and insulin to
near normal levels. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here provide evidence that
piperine possesses thyrogenic activity, thus modulating apolipoprotein levels
and insulin resistance in HFD/fed rats, opening a new view in the management of
dyslipidemia by dietary supplementation with nutrients.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16910313 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2006 Apr;17(4):699/702.
[Allelopathy of decomposing pepper stalk on pepper growth]
[Article in Chinese]
Hou Y, Zhou B, Wu X, Fu Y, Wang Y.
College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161,
China. houyongxia@126.com
With decomposing pepper stalk as test material, this paper studied its
allelopathy on the growth of pepper plants. The results showed that after 60
days of decomposition, the decomposed pepper stalk could decrease the plant
height, stem diameter, dry weights of above/and underground biomass, leaf area,
and chlorophyll content of pepper plants by 0.0374 / 0.0646, 0.0020 / 0.0097,
0.0050 / 0.0355 and 0.0916 / 0.3584, 0.0016 / 0.0251, and 0.0043 / 0.0242
respectively. These inhibitory effects were enhanced after 120 days of
decomposition, but the difference with CK was not significant. The root vigor
and its SOD, POD and CAT activities of pepper plants were decreased, while the
MDA content and relative conductivity were increased with the increasing
concentration of decomposed pepper stalk and with the prolong of treating time.
The allelopathic effects of decomposed pepper stalk on the physiological indices
of pepper root activity ranged from 0.0163 to 0.6507, which was significantly
higher than that of plant growth index.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16836105 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
9: J Med Food. 2006 Summer;9(2):237/45.
Effect of spices on lipid metabolism in 1,2/dimethylhydrazine/induced rat colon
carcinogenesis.
Nalini N, Manju V, Menon VP.
Department of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu,
India. nalininam@yahoo.com
Colon cancer is the second most common cancer among men and women worldwide. We
investigated the effect of red chilli (Capsicum annum L.), cumin (Cuminum
cyminum L.), and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) on colon cancer induced in rats
by a colon/specific carcinogen, 1,2/dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Colon cancer was
induced by subcutaneous injection of DMH at a dosage of 20 mg/kg of body weight
(15 doses, at 1/week intervals). The rats were continued with the standard
pellet diet and supplemented red chilli [C. annum L., 0.015% (wt/wt) mixed with
the diet], cumin seeds [C. cyminum L., 1.25% (wt/wt) mixed with the diet], and
black pepper (P. nigrum L., 0.5% (wt/wt) mixed with the diet] throughout the
experimental period. After the total experimental period of 32 weeks (including
2 weeks of acclimatization) the incidence and number of tumors in the colon were
observed to be significantly higher in the rats administered DMH and/or red
chillis, as compared with the cumin + DMH and black pepper + DMH groups. No
tumors were observed in the control, cumin + DMH, or black pepper + DMH groups.
The levels of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in 24/hour fecal samples were
significantly decreased in DMH + chilli/administered rats, while the excretion
of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols was significantly increased in cumin +
DMH/ and black pepper + DMH/administered rats. In DMH/, chilli/, and chilli +
DMH/administered rats the levels of cholesterol, cholesterol/phospholipid ratio,
and 3/hydroxy/3/methylglutaryl/CoA reductase activity were decreased in cumin +
DMH/ and black pepper + DMH/treated rats. The phospholipid levels were reduced
in the DMH, chilli, and chilli + DMH groups as compared with the cumin + DMH and
black pepper + DMH groups. Our results show that chilli supplementation promotes
colon carcinogenesis, whereas cumin or black pepper suppresses colon
carcinogensis in the presence of the procarcinogen DMH.
PMID: 16822210 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
10: Planta Med. 2006 May;72(6):527/32.
Mechanism/based inhibition of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6
(CYP2D6) by alkamides of Piper nigrum.
Subehan, Usia T, Kadota S, Tezuka Y.
Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Nineteen alkamides isolated from Piper nigrum L. were tested for their
mechanism/based inhibition on human liver microsomal dextromethorphan
O/demethylation activity, a prototype marker for cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6).
All compounds increased their inhibitory activity with increasing preincubation
time. Among them, 15 and 17 showed more than 50 % decrease of the CYP2D6
residual activity after 20 min preincubation. Further investigations on 15 and
17 showed that the characteristic time/ and concentration/dependent inhibition,
which required a catalytic step with NADPH, was not protected by nucleophiles,
and was decreased by the presence of a competitive inhibitor. The kinetic
parameters for inactivation (kinact and KI) were 0.028 min/1 and 0.23 microM for
15 and 0.064 min/1 and 0.71 microM for 17, respectively, which were stronger
than the known mechanism/based inhibitor, paroxetine (a positive control). Thus,
15 and 17 are potent mechanism/based inhibitors of CYP2D6.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16808005 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
11: Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Aug 14;72(4):486/97. Epub 2006 Jun 14.
Modulation of cadmium induced alterations in murine thymocytes by piperine:
oxidative stress, apoptosis, phenotyping and blastogenesis.
Pathak N, Khandelwal S.
Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P. Box 80, Lucknow
226001, India.
Piperine, a main component of Piper longum Linn. and Piper nigrum Linn., is a
plant alkaloid with a long history of medicinal use in Indian medicine. It is
known to exhibit a variety of biological activities which include anti/pyretic,
anti/inflammatory, anti/depressant, hepatoprotective and antitumor. Its
immunomodulatory role has so far been limited to humoral response. The influence
of piperine on murine thymocytes, immunocompromised by cadmium has been reported
by us in this investigation. The various biochemical parameters such as
oxidative stress markers (ROS and GSH), Bcl/2 protein expression, mitochondrial
membrane potential, caspase/3 activity, DNA damage, blastogenesis and T
lymphocyte phenotypes were determined. Cadmium (25 microM) induced apoptosis
earliest at 6 h. Alterations in ROS and GSH preceded mitochondrial membrane
depolarization and caspase/3 activation followed by apoptosis. The phenotypic
changes occurred at 18 h and blastogenesis at 72 h. Various conc. of piperine
(1, 10 and 50 microg/ml) when added along with Cd (25 microM) from 1.5 to 72 h,
caused a dose and time dependent amelioration in all the cellular events
mentioned above. Modulation of oxidative stress has earlier been reported to
reduce Cd induced apoptosis in murine lymphocytes. Inhibition of the ROS
production and replenishment of GSH by piperine, may in part be responsible for
the suppression of downstream cascade of events, i.e. apoptosis, blastogenesis
and T lymphocyte phenotyping. The study clearly demonstrated the anti/oxidative,
anti/apoptotic, and restorative ability against cell proliferative mitogenic
response and phenotypic alterations by piperine, suggesting its therapeutic
usefulness in immunocompromised conditions.
PMID: 16780805 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Phytother Res. 2006 Aug;20(8):683/6.
Effect of piperine on the steady/state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients
with epilepsy.
Pattanaik S, Hota D, Prabhakar S, Kharbanda P, Pandhi P.
Department of Pharmacology, Research Block B, Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
Piperine, the active principle of Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Zingiber
officinalis, has been reported to enhance the oral bioavailability of phenytoin
in human volunteers. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of a
single dose of piperine in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy on the
steady/state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Two groups of 10 patients each
receiving either a 150 mg or 200 mg twice daily dose of phenytoin were selected.
Twelve hours after the night dose, venous blood samples were collected at 0,
0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 h after administration of phenytoin. On the next study
day, piperine 20 mg was administered along with phenytoin and samples were
collected similarly. The mean plasma drug concentrations at different time
points and the pharmacokinetic parameters before and after piperine
administration were compared by Student's t/test. Piperine increased
significantly the mean plasma concentration of phenytoin at most of the time
points in both dose groups. There was a significant increase in AUC((0/12h)) (p
< 0.01), C(max) (p < 0.001) and K(a) (p < 0.05) whereas the changes in K(el) and
t(max) were not significant. The results showed that piperine enhanced the
bioavailability of phenytoin significantly, possibly by increasing the
absorption.
PMID: 16767797 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
13: Insect Mol Biol. 2006 Jun;15(3):329/39.
Erratum in:
Insect Mol Biol. 2006 Dec;15(6):861.
The effect of a synergistic concentration of a Piper nigrum extract used in
conjunction with pyrethrum upon gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster.
Jensen HR, Scott IM, Sims SR, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT.
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Center for Advanced Research in
Environmental Genomics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
An ethyl acetate extract of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) peppercorns was tested
as a synergist for the botanical insecticide pyrethrum. A high synergist ratio
of 11.6 against Drosophila melanogaster was obtained for the combination of
pyrethrum supplemented with P. nigrum. The effect of this combination was
investigated using cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in D.
melanogaster. Treatment of D. melanogaster with pyrethrum alone resulted in a
large number of differentially expressed genes, principally associated with
stress responses. Seven genes were identified as being commonly expressed in D.
melanogaster treated with at least two of the following treatments: P. nigrum,
pyrethrum or P. nigrum plus pyrethrum. These are likely implicated in Drosophila
defence responses to toxins.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16756552 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2005 Nov;56(7):491/9.
The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum)
seeds.
Gulcin I.
Department of Chemistry, Ataturk University, Faculty of Science and Arts,
TR/25240, Erzurum, Turkey. igulcin@atauni.edu.tr
Water and ethanol crude extracts from black pepper (Piper nigrum) were
investigated for their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities in six
different assay, namely, total antioxidant activity, reducing power,
1,1/Diphenyl/2/picryl/hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, superoxide anion
radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating
activities. Both water extract (WEBP) and ethanol extract (EEBP) of black pepper
exhibited strong total antioxidant activity. The 75 microg/ml concentration of
WEBP and EEBP showed 95.5% and 93.3% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid
emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, at the same concentration, standard
antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene
(BHT) and alpha/tocopherol exhibited 92.1%, 95.0%, and 70.4% inhibition on
peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. Also, total phenolic
content in both WEBP and EEBP were determined as gallic acid equivalents. The
total phenolics content of water and ethanol extracts were determined by the
Folin/Ciocalteu procedure and 54.3 and 42.8 microg gallic acid equivalent of
phenols was detected in 1 mg WEBP and EEBP.
PMID: 16503560 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2006 Mar 13;63(4):879/82. Epub 2006
Feb 21.
An ESR protocol based on relaxation phenomena of irradiated Japanese pepper.
Ukai M, Nakamura H, Shimoyama Y.
Department of Food Science, Hokkaido University of Education, Hakodate 040/8567,
Japan. mitsuko@cc.hokkyodai.ac.jp
We found various free radicals in a commercially available pepper in Japan
before and after irradiation using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.
The typical ESR spectrum of the pepper consists of a sextet centered at g = 2.0,
a singlet at the same g/value and a singlet at g = 4.0. Upon gamma ray
irradiation, a new pair of signals appeared in the pepper. The progressive
saturation behavior (PSB) at various microwave power levels indicated quite
different relaxation behaviors of those radicals. Namely, the peak intensity of
the organic free radical component decreases in a monotonic fashion, whereas the
Mn2+ and Fe3+ ESR signals substantially keep constant. This reflects the
evidence of three independent radicals in the pepper before irradiation. The PSB
of the pair peaks as induced by irradiation possessed quite different PSB from
that of the free radical located at g = 2.0. We proposed a new protocol for the
ESR detection of irradiated foods by the PSB method at different microwave power
levels. This would call for a major modification of the CEN protocol in European
Union.
PMID: 16495128 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
16: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Feb 22;54(4):1289/95.
Gene expression profiles of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to an insecticidal
extract of Piper nigrum.
Jensen HR, Scott IM, Sims S, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT.
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa/Carleton Institute of
Biology, 30 Marie/Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
Black pepper, Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae), has insecticidal properties and
could potentially be utilized as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
Piperine extracted from P. nigrum has a biphasic effect upon cytochrome P450
monooxygenase activity with an initial suppression followed by induction. In
this study, an ethyl acetate extract of P. nigrum seeds was tested for
insecticidal activity toward adult Musca domestica and Drosophila melanogaster.
The effect of this same P. nigrum extract upon differential gene expression in
D. melanogaster was investigated using cDNA microarray analysis of 7380 genes.
Treatment of D. melanogaster with P. nigrum extract led to a greater than 2/fold
upregulation of transcription of the cytochrome P450 phase I metabolism genes
Cyp 6a8, Cyp 9b2, and Cyp 12d1 as well as the glutathione/S/transferase phase II
metabolism gene Gst/S1. These data suggests a complex effect of P. nigrum upon
toxin metabolism.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16478250 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
17: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 May 24;105(3):449/55. Epub 2006 Jan 18.
Mechanism/based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants.
Subehan, Usia T, Iwata H, Kadota S, Tezuka Y.
Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
2630/Sugitani, Toyama 930/0194, Japan.
Thirty samples of Indonesian medicinal plants were tested for their
mechanism/based inhibition on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and CYP2D6 via
erythromycin N/demethylation and dextromethorphan O/demethylation activities in
human liver microsomes. From screening with 0 and 20min preincubation at
0.5mg/ml of methanol extracts, five plants (Cinnamomum burmani bark, Foeniculum
vulgare seed, Strychnos ligustrina wood, Tinospora crispa stem, and Zingiber
cassumunar rhizome) showed more than 30% increase of CYP3A4 inhibition, while
three (Alpinia galanga rhizome, Melaleuca leucadendron leaf, and Piper nigrum
fruit) showed more than 30% increase of CYP2D6 inhibition. In these eight
plants, Foeniculum vulgare seed, Cinnamomum burmani bark, and Strychnos
ligustrina wood showed time/dependent inhibition on CYP3A4 and Piper nigrum
fruit and Melaleuca leucadendron leaf on CYP2D6. Among these, four plants other
than Melaleuca leucadendron revealed NADPH/dependent inhibition. Thus,
Foeniculum vulgare, Cinnamomum burmani, and Strychnos ligustrina should contain
mechanism/based inhibitors on CYP3A4 and Piper nigrum contain that on CYP2D6.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16414224 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Phytomedicine. 2006 Jan;13(1/2):67/73. Epub 2005 Jun 29.
CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitory activities of Indonesian medicinal plants.
Usia T, Iwata H, Hiratsuka A, Watabe T, Kadota S, Tezuka Y.
Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
2630/Sugitani, Toyama 930/0194, Japan.
Thirty samples of Indonesian medicinal plants were analyzed for their capacity
to inhibit in vitro metabolism by human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and CYP2D6
with a radiometric assay. The MeOH/soluble fractions of 25 samples, prepared
from water extracts, demonstrated inhibitory activity more than 50% on the
metabolism mediated by CYP3A4, and 21 samples on the metabolism mediated by
CYP2D6. Among the MeOH/soluble fractions, Piper nigrum leaf showed the highest
inhibitory activity against CYP3A4 (91.7%), and Punica granatum against CYP2D6
(98.1%). The water extracts of which MeOH/soluble fraction showed inhibitory
activity more than 70% were fractionated with EtOAc. From the EtOAc/soluble
fractions, Curcuma heyneana (67.0%), Pi. cubeba (75.0%), Pi. nigrum fruit
(84.0%), Pi. nigrum leaf (85.8%), and Zingiber aromaticum (75.3%) demonstrated
inhibitory activity more than 50% on the metabolism mediated by CYP3A4, but only
Pi. nigrum fruit (72.8%) and Pi. nigrum leaf (69.1%) showed strong inhibitory
activity against CYP2D6. For samples that showed more than 70% inhibition, their
IC(50) values were determined. The most potent inhibitory activity against
CYP3A4 (IC(50) value of 25 microg/ml) was found for the extract of Pi. nigrum
leaf, while that of Catharanthus roseus showed the most potent inhibitory effect
against CYP2D6 (IC(50) value of 11 microg/ml). These results should indicate
once more the possibility of potential medicinal plant/drug interactions.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16360935 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
19: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Apr 21;105(1/2):76/83. Epub 2005 Dec 6.
Antioxidant activity of a salt/spice/herbal mixture against free radical
induction.
Natarajan KS, Narasimhan M, Shanmugasundaram KR, Shanmugasundaram ER.
ALMPG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani
Campus, Chennai 600113, India.
A combination of spices (Piper nigrum, Piper longum and Zingiber officinale),
herbs (Cyperus rotundus and Plumbago zeylanica) and salts make up Amrita Bindu.
The study was focused to evaluate the antioxidant property of individual
ingredients in Amrita Bindu against the free radical
2,2'/azinobis/(3/ethylbenzothiazoline/6/sulphonic acid) (ABTS). The analysis
revealed the antioxidant potential of the ingredients in the following order:
Piper nigrum>Piper longum>Cyperus rotundus>Plumbago zeylanca>Zingiber
officinale. Two different experiments were designed. In experiment I, rats were
fed with normal diet whereas in experiment II rats were given feed mixed with
Amrita Bindu for 3 weeks (4 g/kg of feed). Rats from both experimental groups
were challenged against a single intraperitonial injection of phenylhydrazine
(PHZ) (7.5 mg/kg body weight). At the end of 24 and 72 h, blood was analysed for
free radicals and antioxidant levels. It was interesting to note that rats with
Amrita Bindu pretreatment showed significantly lower levels of free radicals,
lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls along with significantly higher levels
of antioxidants when compared with rats without Amrita Bindu pretreatment on PHZ
administration. These results reveal that Amrita Bindu, a salt/spice/herbal
mixture exerts a promising antioxidant potential against free radical induced
oxidative damage.
PMID: 16337350 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Plant Cell Rep. 2006 Jan;24(12):699/707. Epub 2005 Oct 25.
High/frequency plant regeneration through cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis
in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.).
Nair RR, Dutta Gupta S.
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012, Kerala, India.
rrnair9@rediffmail.com
A high/frequency plantlet regeneration protocol was developed for black pepper
(Piper nigrum L.) through cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis. Secondary
embryos formed from the radicular end of the primary somatic embryos which were
originally derived from micropylar tissues of germinating seeds on growth
regulator/free SH medium in the absence of light. The process of secondary
embryogenesis continued in a cyclic manner from the root pole of newly formed
embryos resulting in clumps of somatic embryos. Strength of the medium and
sucrose concentration influenced the process of secondary embryogenesis and
fresh weight of somatic embryo clumps. Full/strength SH medium supplemented with
1.5% sucrose produced significantly higher fresh weight and numbers of secondary
somatic embryos while 3.0 and 4.5% sucrose in the medium favored further
development of proliferated embryos into plantlets. Ontogeny of secondary
embryos was established by histological analysis. Secondary embryogenic
potential was influenced by the developmental stage of the explanted somatic
embryo and stages up to "torpedo" were more suitable. A single/flask system was
standardized for proliferation, maturation, germination and conversion of
secondary somatic embryos in suspension cultures. The system of cyclic secondary
somatic embryogenesis in black pepper described here represents a permanent
source of embryogenic material that can be used for genetic manipulations of
this crop species.
PMID: 16249871 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Nat Prod Res. 2005 Oct;19(7):703/12.
Phytochemical studies on the seed extract of Piper nigrum Linn.
Rasheed M, Afshan F, Tariq RM, Siddiqui BS, Gulzar T, Mahmood A, Begum S, Khan
B.
H.E.J. Research institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical
Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi/75270, Pakistan.
bina@khi.comsats.net.pk
The petroleum ether extract of dried ground seeds of Piper nigrum Linn. and some
column fractions of this extract were subjected to GC and GC/MS analysis,
resulting in the identification of fourteen compounds (1/14) by using NIST Mass
spectral search program 1998 and the Kovat's retention indices. Ten of the
compounds (1, 2, 4/12) are reported for the first time from this plant. All the
fractions showed insecticidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of Aedes
aegypti and against the fourth instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi Liston,
determined by the WHO method.
PMID: 16076642 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
22: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jul 27;53(15):6056/60.
Role of the fermentation process in off/odorant formation in white pepper:
on/site trial in Thailand.
Steinhaus M, Schieberle P.
Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Lebensmittelchemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D/85748
Garching, Germany.
In white pepper samples, directly taken from a retting batch at a pepper
production plant in Thailand, 3/methylindole, 4/methylphenol, 3/methylphenol,
and butanoic acid, recently confirmed to be responsible for the characteristic
fecal off/odor frequently detected in white pepper powders, were quantified by
stable isotope dilution analyses. The results clearly showed that, in
particular, 3/methylindole (fecal, swine/manure/like), 4/methylphenol (fecal,
horse/like), and butanoic acid (cheese/like) were biochemically formed during
retting, thus indicating that fermentation is the crucial step for off/odorant
formation during white pepper processing. Model fermentation experiments
performed with different manufacturing regimens revealed that white pepper,
containing no substantial amounts of these odorants, can be produced from ripe
starting material by a short fermentation under water and with frequent exchange
of water. The overall aroma of such pepper was superior as compared to the aroma
of white pepper produced according to the traditional procedure.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16028995 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
23: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jul 27;53(15):6049/55.
Characterization of odorants causing an atypical aroma in white pepper powder
(Piper nigrum L.) based on quantitative measurements and orthonasal breakthrough
thresholds.
Steinhaus M, Schieberle P.
Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Lebensmittelchemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D/85748
Garching, Germany.
Application of the aroma extract dilution analysis on an extract of white pepper
powder showing an intense fecal, cowshed/like off/flavor revealed 3/methylindole
(fecal, swine/manure) and 4/methylphenol (fecal, horse/like) with the highest
flavor dilution (FD) factors among the 22 odor/active compounds detected. In
addition, high FD factors and/or undesirable odor qualities suggested
3/methylphenol (phenolic), butanoic acid (cheese/like), and 2/ and
3/methylbutanoic acid (cheese/like) as well as pentanoic acid and hexanoic acid
(cheese/like odors) as contributors to the malodor. Although the intensities of
the off/note were clearly different in 50 commercial samples of white pepper,
quantitation of 3/methylindole and 3/ and 4/methylphenol as well as of the five
short/chain acids by means of stable isotope dilution assays showed similar
concentrations in most of the samples. Storage of a freshly ground white pepper
powder for up to 7 months revealed a significant decrease in the typical odor
qualities of white pepper and an increase in the fecal odor note with storage
time. Because the concentrations of the odorants mentioned above were not much
changed during storage, possibly very volatile odorants, such as alpha/pinene,
which are able to mask the malodor, are lost during storage of, in particular,
pepper powders. On the basis of odor activity values, which were calculated
using breakthrough thresholds, in particular, 3/methylindole, 4/methylphenol,
3/methylphenol, and butanoic acid could be suggested as the main sources of the
fecal off/flavor.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16028994 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
24: J Econ Entomol. 2005 Jun;98(3):845/55.
Efficacy of botanical insecticides from Piper species (Piperaceae) extracts for
control of Ruropean chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).
Scott IM, Gagnon N, Lesage L, Philogene BJ, Arnason JT.
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
Biopesticides, including botanicals, can offer a safe and effective alternative
to conventional insecticides for controlling major insect pests within an
integrated pest management program. The current study highlights the practical
application of a botanical insecticide for controlling a major insect pest of
turfgrass: European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky). Greenhouse and
field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of a botanical formulation
based on black pepper, Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae), seed extracts to R. majalis
larvae. The 7/d P. nigrum extract LC50 for R. majalis third instars was 2.5%.
Successful treatment in the field was accomplished with the application of a 2%
P. nigrum formulation to turfgrass infested with R. majalis second and third
instars, whereas 4% extract was required in a second field trial with older
third instars. The 2% pepper extract activity was comparable with the
conventional insecticide diazinon in the first field trial. However, the 4%
pepper extracts significantly affected the earthworm populations in treated
plots compared with diazinon in the second field trail. The analysis of soil
residues for piperamides in the P. nigrum extract determined a half/life of 1 /
2.6 d in the first and second field trials, respectively. This confirmed the
expectation that under field conditions the residual activity would be less than
conventional insecticides, thereby reducing the environmental risk associated
with pesticide use. We recommend the pepper formulation for spot treatment
applications when population densities reveal an epicenter of infestation rather
than broadcasting over large areas, thus helping to minimize cost and negative
affects on nontarget invertebrates.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16022313 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
25: Org Lett. 2005 Jul 7;7(14):2833/5.
Cobalt(II)/catalyzed intermolecular Diels/Alder reaction of piperine.
Wei K, Li W, Koike K, Nikaido T.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba.
[reaction: see text] An intermolecular cobalt/phosphine/catalyzed Diels/Alder
reaction of piperine is described. The dimerization of piperine in the presence
of cobalt/phosphine complexes gave much better yields than that in the presence
of only cobalt, which, combined with the result under the purely thermal
conditions, indicates that addition of phosphine ligands changes the inhibition
of cobalt to the reaction into promotion. For elucidation of the distinction,
different cobalt/catalyzed mechanisms were proposed for the Diels/Alder
dimerization of piperine.
PMID: 15987148 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
26: Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2006;19(2):107/11. Epub 2005 Jun 21.
In vivo effect of piperine on serum and tissue glycoprotein levels in
benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice.
Selvendiran K, Prince Vijeya Singh J, Sakthisekaran D.
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic
Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India.
selvakphd@yahoo.com
In recent years, considerable emphasis has been focused on identifying new
cancer chemopreventive agents, which could be useful for the human population.
Piperine is a pure, pungent alkaloid constituent of black and long peppers
(Piper nigrum and Piper longum), that acts as an antioxidant and anticancer
agent by its numerous macromolecules associated with them. In the present study,
piperine was found to suppress benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)p) induced lung cancer in
Swiss albino mice. In lung cancer bearing mice, altered levels of total protein
and protein bound carbohydrate components (hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid)
were observed in serum, lung and liver tissues. Dietary supplementation of
piperine (50 mg/kg body weight) to B(a)p administered animals decreased the
total protein and protein bound carbohydrate levels of lung cancer bearing
animals in during initiation and post/initiation phases. Our data suggest that
piperine may extend its chemopreventive effect through modulating the protein
bound carbohydrate levels, as they are one of the indicators of tumorigenesis.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15975841 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Drugs. 2005;65(9):1239/82.
Herb/drug interactions: a literature review.
Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PC, Chan SY, Heng PW, Chan E, Duan W, Koh HL, Zhou S.
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore,
Singapore.
Herbs are often administered in combination with therapeutic drugs, raising the
potential of herb/drug interactions. An extensive review of the literature
identified reported herb/drug interactions with clinical significance, many of
which are from case reports and limited clinical observations.Cases have been
published reporting enhanced anticoagulation and bleeding when patients on
long/term warfarin therapy also took Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen). Allium
sativum (garlic) decreased the area under the plasma concentration/time curve
(AUC) and maximum plasma concentration of saquinavir, but not ritonavir and
paracetamol (acetaminophen), in volunteers. A. sativum increased the clotting
time and international normalised ratio of warfarin and caused hypoglycaemia
when taken with chlorpropamide. Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) caused bleeding when
combined with warfarin or aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), raised blood pressure
when combined with a thiazide diuretic and even caused coma when combined with
trazodone in patients. Panax ginseng (ginseng) reduced the blood concentrations
of alcohol (ethanol) and warfarin, and induced mania when used concomitantly
with phenelzine, but ginseng increased the efficacy of influenza vaccination.
Scutellaria baicalensis (huangqin) ameliorated irinotecan/induced
gastrointestinal toxicity in cancer patients.Piper methysticum (kava) increased
the 'off' periods in patients with parkinsonism taking levodopa and induced a
semicomatose state when given concomitantly with alprazolam. Kava enhanced the
hypnotic effect of alcohol in mice, but this was not observed in humans. Silybum
marianum (milk thistle) decreased the trough concentrations of indinavir in
humans. Piperine from black (Piper nigrum Linn) and long (P. longum Linn)
peppers increased the AUC of phenytoin, propranolol and theophylline in healthy
volunteers and plasma concentrations of rifamipicin (rifampin) in patients with
pulmonary tuberculosis. Eleutheroccus senticosus (Siberian ginseng) increased
the serum concentration of digoxin, but did not alter the pharmacokinetics of
dextromethorphan and alprazolam in humans. Hypericum perforatum (hypericum; St
John's wort) decreased the blood concentrations of ciclosporin (cyclosporin),
midazolam, tacrolimus, amitriptyline, digoxin, indinavir, warfarin,
phenprocoumon and theophylline, but did not alter the pharmacokinetics of
carbamazepine, pravastatin, mycophenolate mofetil and dextromethorphan. Cases
have been reported where decreased ciclosporin concentrations led to organ
rejection. Hypericum also caused breakthrough bleeding and unplanned pregnancies
when used concomitantly with oral contraceptives. It also caused serotonin
syndrome when used in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(e.g. sertraline and paroxetine).In conclusion, interactions between herbal
medicines and prescribed drugs can occur and may lead to serious clinical
consequences. There are other theoretical interactions indicated by preclinical
data. Both pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic mechanisms have been
considered to play a role in these interactions, although the underlying
mechanisms for the altered drug effects and/or concentrations by concomitant
herbal medicines are yet to be determined. The clinical importance of herb/drug
interactions depends on many factors associated with the particular herb, drug
and patient. Herbs should be appropriately labeled to alert consumers to
potential interactions when concomitantly used with drugs, and to recommend a
consultation with their general practitioners and other medical carers.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 15916450 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;49(1):65/71.
Protective effects of Piper nigrum and Vinca rosea in alloxan induced diabetic
rats.
Kaleem M, Sheema, Sarmad H, Bano B.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh / 202 002.
kaleem_biochem@yahoo.com
In the present study aqueous extract of Piper nigrum seeds and Vinca rosea
flowers were administered orally to alloxan induced diabetic rats once a day for
4 weeks. These treatments lead to significant lowering of blood sugar level and
reduction in serum lipids. The levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and
glutathione peroxidase decreased in alloxan induced diabetic rats however these
levels returned to normal in insulin, P. nigrum and V. rosea treated rats. There
was no significant difference in superoxide dismutase activity in all groups
compared to controls. Lipid peroxidation levels were significantly higher in
diabetic rats and it was slightly increased in insulin, P. nigrum and V. rosea
treated rats as compared to control rat. These results suggest that oxidative
stress plays a key role in diabetes, and treatment with P. nigrum and V. rosea
are useful in controlling not only the glucose and lipid levels but these
components may also be helpful in strengthening the antioxidants potential.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 15881860 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Mar;271(1/2):101/6.
Chemopreventive effect of piperine on mitochondrial TCA cycle and phase/I and
glutathione/metabolizing enzymes in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis
in Swiss albino mice.
Selvendiran K, Thirunavukkarasu C, Singh JP, Padmavathi R, Sakthisekaran D.
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic
Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India.
selvakphd@yahoo.com
Piperine is a major component of black (Piper nigrum Linn) and long pepper
(Piper longum Linn) used widely in various systems of traditional medicine. We
have evaluated the effect of piperine on mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle
and phase I and glutathione/metabolizing enzymes in Benzo(a)pyrene induced
experimental lung carcinogenesis in swiss albino mice. Lung cancer bearing mice
showed a significant decrease in the activities of mitochondrial
enzymes/isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), /ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KDH),
succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and significantly
increased NADPH/Cytochorome reductase (NADPH/C reductase), cytochrome P450
(cyt/p450) and cytochrome b5(cyt/b5). The activities of glutathione/metabolizing
enzymes glutathione peroxidase(GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and
glucose/6/phospho dehydrogenase(G6PDH) were significantly lowered in lung/cancer
bearing mice when compared with control mice. Piperine supplementation to
tumour/induced animals significantly lowered the phase/I enzymes (NADPH/C
reductase, cyt/p450 and cyt/b5)) and there was a rise in
glutathione/metabolizing enzymes (GPx, GR and G6PDH), which indicated an
antitumour and anti/cancer effect. Comparison of normal control mice and mice
administered piperine only as drug control showed no significant variations in
enzyme activities. Piprine administration to benzo(a)pyrene induced animals
significantly increased the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, thereby
suggesting its role in mitochondrial energy production.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15881660 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
30: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Mar 23;53(6):1907/13.
Analysis of Piperaceae germplasm by HPLC and LCMS: a method for isolating and
identifying unsaturated amides from Piper spp extracts.
Scott IM, Puniani E, Jensen H, Livesey JF, Poveda L, Sanchez/Vindas P, Durst T,
Arnason JT.
Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
iscott@science.uottawa.ca
A method for extraction and high performance liquid chromatography/mass
spectrometer (HPLC/MS) analysis of the medicinally important genus Piper
(Piperaceae) was developed. This allows for a rapid and accurate measure of
unsaturated amides, or piperamides, in black pepper, Piper nigrum L., and in
wild species from Central America. Reflux extraction provided the highest
recovery of piperine (>80%) from leaf and peppercorn material. HPLC analysis
using a binary gradient of acetonitrile and water separated the major amide
peaks between 5 and 12 min. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/MS
improved the detection limit to 0.2 ng, 10/fold below the 2 ng limit of the
HPLC/diode array detector (DAD) based on linear standard curves between 0.1 and
250 microg/mL (R2 = 0.999). The HPLC/MS method identified pellitorine,
piperylin, 4,5/dihydropiperlonguminine, piperlonguminine, 4,5/dihydropiperine,
piperine, and pipercide. The biological activity of six Costa Rican Piper
species assessed by mosquito larval bioassays correlated well with piperamide
content.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15769112 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
31: Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):976/81.
Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation 'Trikatu' on the lipid
profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus.
Sivakumar V, Sivakumar S.
Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, 608002 Tamil Nadu,
India. drvalsacdm@yahoo.co.in
Combating heart disease is one of the challenging problems of biomedical science
today. Towards this goal an indigenous preparation 'Trikatu' (a herbal
combination containing Piper longum (fruit), Piper nigrum (fruit) and Zingiber
officinale (rhizome) dry powder) was fed to normal and cholesterol fed male
Rattus norvegicus to ascertain its efficacy as a hypolipidaemic agent. Its
effects on body weight, blood and tissue (aortic, cardiac and hepatic)
lipids//total, free and esterified cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL) and
high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids//and
the atherogenic index were measured. It was found that 'Trikatu' by virtue of
its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol and to increase HDL
cholesterol can reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Hence
'Trikatu' can be used as a potent hypolipidaemic agent and it can reduce the
atherosclerosis associated with a high fat diet. 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 15742354 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
32: Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan;268(1/2):141/7.
Oral supplementation of piperine leads to altered phase II enzymes and reduced
DNA damage and DNA/protein cross links in Benzo(a)pyrene induced experimental
lung carcinogenesis.
Selvendiran K, Banu SM, Sakthisekaran D.
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic
Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India.
In recent years, considerable emphasis has been focused on identifying new
chemopreventive agents, which could be useful for the human population. Piperine
is a pure, pungent alkaloid constituent of black and long peppers (piper nigrum
and piper longum), which is a most common spice used throughout the world. In
the present study, we examined the protective role of piperine during
experimental lung carcinogenesis with reference to its effect on DNA damage and
detoxification enzyme system. The activities of detoxifying enzymes such as
glutathione transferase (GST), quinone reductase (QR) and UDP/glucuronosyl
transferase (UDP/GT) were found to be decreased while the hydrogen peroxide
level was increased in the lung cancer bearing animals. Supplementation of
piperine (50 mg/kg bwt) enhanced the detoxification enzymes and reduced DNA
damage as determined by single cell electrophoresis. Furthermore, the
DNA/Protein cross links which was found to be high in lung cancer bearing
animals was also modulated upon supplementation with piperine. Our present
results explain the understanding of unique association between
anti/peroxidative effect of piperine and ultimately the capability of piperine
to prevent cancer.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15724447 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Nat Prod Res. 2005 Feb;19(2):143/50.
Insecticidal amides from fruits of Piper nigrum Linn.
Siddiqui BS, Gulzar T, Begum S, Afshan F, Sattar FA.
HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical Sciences,
University of Karachi, Karachi / 75270, Pakistan. bina@khi.comsats.net.pk
The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of dried ground seeds of Piper
nigrum Linn. afforded sixteen compounds (1/16) including one new insecticidal
amide, pipwaqarine (1) and six constituents (3,4,6,7,11,15) previously
unreported from this plant. The structure of (1) has been elucidated through
extensive 1D/, 2D/NMR spectral studies as,
1/[13/(3',4'/methylenedioxyphenyl)/2E,4E,12E/tridecatrienoyl]/N/isopentylamide,
while those of known constituents through comparison of spectral data. 1
exhibited toxicity of 30ppm against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti Liston
determined by WHO method. A portion of petroleum ether fraction was also
subjected to GC and GC/MS analysis resulting in the identification of three
compounds (17/19) using the NIST Mass spectral search program 1998 and Kovat's
retention indices. Two of these compounds, 17 and 18, are reported for the first
time from this plant.
PMID: 15715258 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
34: J Org Chem. 2005 Feb 18;70(4):1164/76.
Nigramides A/S, dimeric amide alkaloids from the roots of Piper nigrum.
Wei K, Li W, Koike K, Chen Y, Nikaido T.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2/2/1, Funabashi,
Chiba 274/8510, Japan.
[structure: see text] Fifteen novel dimeric amide alkaloids possessing a
cyclohexene ring, nigramides A/O (1/15), as well as four novel dimeric amide
alkaloids possessing a cyclobutane ring, nigramides P/S (17/20), have been
isolated from the roots of Piper nigrum. Their structures were elucidated on the
basis of their spectroscopic data. The biosynthestic hypothesis of nigramides
A/O (1/15) was proposed by an intermolecular Diels/Alder reaction from the
corresponding monomeric amides. On the basis of this biosynthetic hypothesis,
the first study of the thermal and Lewis acid mediated Diels/Alder reactions of
piperine in different organic solvents and under solventless conditions is also
described.
PMID: 15704948 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Phytomedicine. 2004 Nov;11(7/8):697/700.
Antibacterial constituents from the berries of Piper nigrum.
Reddy SV, Srinivas PV, Praveen B, Kishore KH, Raju BC, Murthy US, Rao JM.
Natural Product Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad
500 007, India.
Piper nigrum finds an extensive application in antibacterial preparations
belonging to Ayurvedic system of medicine. A bioguided extraction and
fractionation of the petroleum ether extract of the berries of P. nigrum
afforded 2E, 4E, 8Z/N/isobutyleicosatrienamide (1), pellitorine (2), trachyone
(3), pergumidiene (4) and isopiperolein B (5). Pergumidiene and trachyone are
isolated for the first time from P. nigrum. All the isolated compounds were
active against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sphaericus, and Staphylococcus aureus
amongst Gram + ve bacteria, and Klebsiella aerogenes and Chromobacterium
violaceum among Gram /ve bacterial strains.
PMID: 15636188 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
36: Int J Tissue React. 2004;26(1/2):43/51.
Anti/inflammatory activities of Aller/7, a novel polyherbal formulation for
allergic rhinitis.
Pratibha N, Saxena VS, Amit A, D'Souza P, Bagchi M, Bagchi D.
Natural Remedies Research Center, Bangalore, India.
Allergic rhinitis is an immunological disorder and an inflammatory response of
nasal mucosal membranes. Allergic rhinitis, a state of hypersensitivity, occurs
when the body overreacts to a substance such as pollens or dust. A novel, safe
polyherbal formulation (Aller/7/NR/A2) has been developed for the treatment of
allergic rhinitis using a unique combination of extracts from seven medicinal
plants including Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica,
Albizia lebbeck, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale and Piper longum. Since
inflammation is an integral mechanistic component of allergy, the present study
aimed to determine the anti/inflammatory activity of Aller/7 in various in vivo
models. The efficacy of Aller/7 was investigated in compound 48/80/induced paw
edema both in Balb/c mice and Swiss Albino mice, carrageenan/induced paw edema
in Wistar Albino rats and Freund's adjuvant/induced arthritis in Wistar Albino
rats. The trypsin inhibitory activity of Aller/7 was also determined and
compared with ovomucoid. At a dose of 250 mg/kg, Aller/7 demonstrated 62.55%
inhibition against compound 48/80/induced paw edema in Balb/c mice, while under
the same conditions prednisolone at an oral dose of 14 mg/kg exhibited 44.7%
inhibition. Aller/7 significantly inhibited compound 48/80/induced paw edema at
all three doses of 175, 225 or 275 mg/kg in Swiss Albino mice, while the most
potent effect was observed at 225 mg/kg. Aller/7 (120 mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated
31.3% inhibition against carrageenan/induced acute inflammation in Wistar Albino
rats, while ibuprofen (50 mg/kg, p.o.) exerted 68.1% inhibition. Aller/7 also
exhibited a dose/dependent (150/350 mg/kg) anti/inflammatory effect against
Freund's adjuvant/induced arthritis in Wistar Albino rats and an approximately
63% inhibitory effect was observed at a dose of 350 mg/kg. The trypsin
inhibitory activity of Aller/7 was determined, using ovomucoid as a positive
control. Ovomucoid and Aller/7 demonstrated IC50 concentrations at 1.5 and 9.0
microg/ml, respectively. These results demonstrate that this novel polyherbal
formulation is a potent anti/inflammatory agent that can ameliorate the symptoms
of allergic rhinitis.
PMID: 15573692 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
37: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2004 Nov;52(11):1349/52.
New insecticidal amides from petroleum ether extract of dried Piper nigrum L.
whole fruits.
Siddiqui BS, Gulzar T, Mahmood A, Begum S, Khan B, Afshan F.
H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical
Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi/75270, Pakistan.
bina@khi.comsats.net.pk
The petroleum ether extract of dried ground whole fruits of Piper nigrum L.
afforded 20 compounds (1/20) including two new insecticidal amides named as
pipnoohine (1), and pipyahyine (2), seven reported for the first time from this
plant (12, 13, 15/17, 19, 20), and eleven known compounds (3/11, 14, 18). The
structure of 1 has been elucidated as
(2E,4E,12Z)/N/(4/methylpentyl)octadeca/2,4,12/trienamide and that of 2 as
(2E,4E,11E)/12/(benzo[1,3]dioxol/5/yl)/N/(3/methylbutyl)dodeca/2,4,11/trien/amid
e through extensive ID/, 2D/NMR spectral studies and chemical reactions. The
known compounds have been identified through comparison of their spectral data
with those reported in literature. 1 and 2 exhibited toxicity at 35.0 and 30.0
ppm respectively against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti L. by WHO method.
PMID: 15516761 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Oct;27(10):1611/6.
Melanogenesis stimulation in murine B16 melanoma cells by Piper nigrum leaf
extract and its lignan constituents.
Matsuda H, Kawaguchi Y, Yamazaki M, Hirata N, Naruto S, Asanuma Y, Kaihatsu T,
Kubo M.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan.
matsuda@phar.kindai.ac.jp
A methanolic extract from the leaves of Piper nigrum L. showed a significant
stimulatory effect on melanogenesis in cultured murine B16 melanoma cells.
Activity/guided fractionation of the methanolic extract led to the isolation of
two known lignans, (/)/cubebin (1) and
(/)/3,4/dimethoxy/3,4/desmethylenedioxycubebin (2), together with a new lignan,
(/)/3/desmethoxycubebinin (3). Among these lignans, 1 and 2 showed a significant
stimulatory activity of melanogenesis without any significant effects on cell
proliferation.
PMID: 15467205 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
39: J Econ Entomol. 2004 Aug;97(4):1390/403.
Efficacy of Piper (Piperaceae) extracts for control of common home and garden
insect pests.
Scott IM, Jensen H, Nicol R, Lesage L, Bradbury R, Sanchez/Vindas P, Poveda L,
Arnason JT, Philogene BJ.
Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5 Canada.
Extracts from three species of the plant family Piperaceae, Piper nigrum [L.],
Piper guineense [Schum & Thonn, and Piper tuberculatum [Jacq.], were tested for
efficacy against insects from five orders. All three species contain isobutyl
amides, plant secondary compounds that act as neurotoxins in insects. These
materials are considered safe to mammals because Piper spp. were used for
centuries for spice and medicinal purposes. When 24/h P. nigrum LC50 values were
compared between common insect pests from eastern Canada and the northeastern
United States, the most sensitive species in order of increasing lethal
concentration were eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.) <
European pine sawfly larvae, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) < spindle ermine
moth larvae, Yponomeuta cagnagella [Hubner] < viburnum leaf beetle larvae,
Pyrrhalta viburni [Paykull] < stripped cucumber beetle adults, Acalymma vittatum
(F.) < Colorado potato beetle adults, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) < Japanese
beetle adults, Popillia japonica [Newman] < hairy chinch bug, Blissus
leucopterus hirtis [Montandon]. The life stage tested was the point at which
each species causes the greatest amount of damage to the host plant and the
point at which most gardeners would likely choose to treat with a conventional
synthetic insecticide. Greenhouse trials revealed that the pepper formulations
also had a repellent activity, thus protecting plant leaves from 1) herbivory
(lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii [Scopoli], adults and larvae and stripped
cucumber beetle adults) and 2) oviposition [European corn borer, Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hubner)]. Combinations with other botanical extracts were additive at
best in toxicity and repellent trials. Nontarget toxicity to beneficial
invertebrates is a possibility because the P. nigrum LC50 for beneficial
ladybird beetles was 0.2%. P. nigrum extracts can provide a reasonable level of
control against lepidopteran and European pine sawfly larvae and also will work
as a short/term repellent and feeding deterrent. It is recommended that the use
of Piper extracts be restricted to small/scale spot treatments in residential
areas where insect pest outbreaks have occurred.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15384353 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
40: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2004;30(3):99/109.
Antioxidant properties of Aller/7, a novel polyherbal formulation for allergic
rhinitis.
D'Souza P, Amit A, Saxena VS, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs SJ.
Natural Remedies Research Center, Bangalore, India.
Allergic rhinitis, a frequently occurring immunological disorder affecting men,
women and children worldwide, is a state of hypersensitivity that occurs when
the body overreacts to a substance such as pollen, mold, mites or dust. Allergic
rhinitis exerts inflammatory response and irritation of the nasal mucosal
membranes leading to sneezing; stuffy/runny nose; nasal congestion; and itchy,
watery and swollen eyes. A novel, safe polyherbal formulation (Aller/7/NR/A2)
has been developed for the treatment of allergic rhinitis using a unique
combination of extracts from seven medicinal plants including Phyllanthus
emblica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica, Albizia lebbeck, Piper
nigrum, Zingiber officinale and Piper longum. In this study, the antioxidant
efficacy of Aller/7 was investigated by various assays including hydroxyl
radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay,
1,1/diphenyl/2/picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and
2,2/azinobis/ethyl/benzothiozoline/sulphonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) radical
scavenging assays. The protective effect of Aller/7 on free radical/induced
lysis of red blood cells and inhibition of nitric oxide release by Aller/7 in
lipopolysaccharide/stimulated murine macrophages were determined. Aller/7
exhibited concentration/dependent scavenging activities toward biochemically
generated hydroxyl radicals (IC50 741.73 microg/ml); superoxide anion (IC50
24.65 microg/ml by phenazine methosulfate/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
[PMS/NADH] assay and IC50 4.27 microg/ml by riboflavin/nitroblue tetrazolium
[NBT] light assay), nitric oxide (IC50 16.34 microg/ml); 1,1/diphenyl/2/picryl
hydrazyl (DPPH) radical (IC50 5.62 microg/ml); and
2,2/azinobis/ethyl/benzothiozoline/sulphonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) radical
(IC50 7.35 microg/ml). Aller/7 inhibited free radical/induced hemolysis in the
concentration range of 20/80 microg/ml. Aller/7 also significantly inhibited
nitric oxide release from lipopolysaccharide/stimulated murine macrophages.
These results demonstrate that Aller/7 is a potent scavenger of free radicals
and that it may serve.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 15366786 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Indian J Exp Biol. 2003 Feb;41(2):135/40.
Enzymatic and non/enzymatic antioxidants in selected Piper species.
Karthikeyan J, Rani P.
Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore 641 004,
India.
Piper species, commonly used in diet and traditional medicine were assessed for
their antioxidant potential. Catalase activity was predominated in Piper longum,
followed by Piper cubeba, green pepper, Piper brachystachyum and Piper nigrum.
P. nigrum was richest in glutathione peroxidase and glucose/6/phosphate
dehydrogenase, green pepper was richest in peroxidase and vitamin C while
vitamin E was more in P. longum and P. nigrum. P. brachystachyum and P. longum
were rich sources of vitamin A. All the Piper species had GSH content of around
1 to 2 nM/g tissue. The antioxidant components of Piper species constitute a
very efficient system in scavenging a wide variety of reactive oxygen species.
Antioxidant potential of Piper species was further confirmed by their ability to
curtail in vitro lipid peroxidation by around 30/50% with concomitant increase
in GSH content.
PMID: 15255605 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
42: Nat Prod Res. 2004 Oct;18(5):473/7.
Piptigrine, a new insecticidal amide from Piper nigrum Linn.
Siddiqui BS, Gulzar T, Begum S, Afshan F.
H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical
Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi/75270, Pakistan.
bina@khi.comsats.net.pk
A new insecticidal amide piptigrine (1) possessing highly extended conjugation
was isolated from the dried ground seeds of Piper nigrum Linn. along with the
known amides piperine and wisanine (hitherto unreported from this plant). The
structure of 1 has been elucidated as
1/[9/(3',4'/methylenedioxyphenyl)/4E,6E,8E/nonatrienoyl]piperidine through
extensive 1D/ and 2D/NMR (COSY/45, NOESY, J/resolved, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY
studies. The known compounds have been identified through comparison of their
spectral data with those reported in literature. 1 exhibited toxicity of 15.0
ppm against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti Liston.
PMID: 15248617 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
43: Redox Rep. 2004;9(2):105/10.
Antioxidant efficacy of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine in rats with
high fat diet induced oxidative stress.
Vijayakumar RS, Surya D, Nalini N.
Department of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu,
India.
The present study was aimed to explore the effect of black pepper (Piper nigrum
L.) on tissue lipid peroxidation, enzymic and non/enzymic antioxidants in rats
fed a high/fat diet. Thirty male Wistar rats (95/115 g) were divided into 5
groups. They were fed standard pellet diet, high/fat diet (20% coconut oil, 2%
cholesterol and 0.125% bile salts), high/fat diet plus black pepper (0.25 g or
0.5 g/kg body weight), high/fat diet plus piperine (0.02 g/kg body weight) for a
period of 10 weeks. Significantly elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and significantly lowered
activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase
(GPx), glutathione/S/transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the
liver, heart, kidney, intestine and aorta were observed in rats fed the high fat
diet as compared to the control rats. Simultaneous supplementation with black
pepper or piperine lowered TBARS and CD levels and maintained SOD, CAT, GPx,
GST, and GSH levels to near those of control rats. The data indicate that
supplementation with black pepper or the active principle of black pepper,
piperine, can reduce high/fat diet induced oxidative stress to the cells.
PMID: 15231065 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
44: J Nat Prod. 2004 Jun;67(6):1005/9.
New amide alkaloids from the roots of Piper nigrum.
Wei K, Li W, Koike K, Pei Y, Chen Y, Nikaido T.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Toho University, Miyama 2/2/1, Funabashi,
Chiba 274/8510, Japan.
Seven new amide alkaloids, named N/isobutyl/4/hexanoyl/4/hydroxypyrrolidin/1/one
(1), (+//)/erythro/1/(1/oxo/4,5/dihydroxy/2E/decaenyl)piperidine (2),
(+//)/threo/1/(1/ oxo/4,5/dihydroxy/2E/decaenyl)piperidine (3),
(+//)/threo/N/isobutyl/4,5/dihydroxy/2E/octaenamide (4),
1/(1,6/dioxo/2E,4E/decadienyl)piperidine (5),
1/[1/oxo/3(3,4/methylenedioxy/5/methoxyphenyl)/2Z/propenyl]piperidine (6), and
1/[1/oxo/5(3,4/methylenedioxyphenyl)/2Z,4E/pentadienyl]pyrrolidine (7), were
isolated from the roots of Piper nigrum, together with 32 known amides. Their
structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical
evidence.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15217283 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
45: J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Apr;91(2/3):277/80.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on interaction of "Trikatu" with
diclofenac sodium.
Lala LG, D'Mello PM, Naik SR.
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Prin. K.M. Kundnani College of
Pharmacy, Dr. R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai/400 018, India.
luxlala@rediffmail.com
"Trikatu"/an Ayurvedic formulation comprising of a 1:1:1 ratio of dried fruits
of Piper nigrum, Piper longum and dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale is
widely used to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, like vasicine,
indomethacin, etc. The enhanced biological response might lead to alteration of
therapeutic regimens of commonly prescribed drugs. The present work was aimed to
study the effect of concomitant administration of Trikatu on the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diclofenac sodium, a frequently
prescribed non/steroidal anti/inflammatory drug, having a poor oral
bioavailability (54 +// 2%). The effect of Trikatu on the bioavailability
profile of diclofenac sodium was studied in rabbits. It was observed that
Trikatu significantly decreased the serum levels of diclofenac sodium. The
pharmacodynamic study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Trikatu on the
anti/inflammatory activity of diclofenac sodium using carragenin/induced rat paw
edema model. It was observed that the mean percent edema inhibition shown by the
combination of Trikatu and diclofenac was similar to that shown by Trikatu alone
but significantly less than that shown by diclofenac alone. Thus, the
experimental findings indicated that Trikatu pretreatment might decrease the
bioavailability of certain drugs probably through a drug/herb interaction
thereby adversely affecting the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs.
PMID: 15120451 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
46: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 5;52(9):2582/6.
Effect of storage on the essential oil composition of Piper nigrum L. fruits of
different ripening states.
Orav A, Stulova I, Kailas T, Muurisepp M.
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tallinn Technical University,
Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia. aorav@chemnet.ee
The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil from black,
green, and white pepper was determined by using a simultaneous distillation and
extraction micromethod for oil isolation and gas chromatography (GC)/flame
ionization detection (FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis techniques.
The most abundant compounds in pepper oils were (E)/beta/caryophyllene
(1.4/70.4%), limonene (2.9/38.4%), beta/pinene (0.7/25.6%), Delta/3/carene
(1.7/19.0%), sabinene (0/12.2%), alpha/pinene (0.3/10.4%), eugenol (0.1/41.0%),
terpinen/4/ol (0/13.2%), hedycaryol (0/9.1%), beta/eudesmol (0/9.7%), and
caryophyllene oxide (0.1/7.2%). Green pepper corn obtained by a sublimation
drying method gave more oil (12.1 mg/g) and a much higher content of
monoterpenes (84.2%) in the oil than air/dried green pepper corn (0.8 mg/g and
26.8%, respectively). The oil from ground black pepper contained more
monoterpenes and less sesquiterprnes and oxygenated terpenoids as compared to
green and white pepper oils. After 1 year of storage of pepper samples in a
glass vessel at room temperature, the amount of the oils isolated decreased, the
content of terpenes decreased, and the amount of oxygenated terpenoids
increased. Differently from other pepper samples, 1 year storage of green pepper
corn raised the oil amount more than twice of both drying methods.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15113161 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
47: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 Dec;31(4):293/5.
Effects of piperine on gastric acid secretion in albino rats.
Ononiwu IM, Ibeneme CE, Ebong OO.
Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Port
Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. ugoeze_inno@yahoo.com
Piperine, the pungent principle in Piper nigrum and Piper guinensis was studied
for its effect on gastric acid secretion in white albino rats. Increasing the
dose from 20 mg kg(/1) weight to 142 mg kg(/1) body weight produced dose
dependent increases in gastric acid secretion. When compared with control basal
acid secretion, these increases were significant (P<0.05). 20 mg kg(/1) produced
a 22.2% (n=7) increase, while the highest dose employed in this study (142 mg
kg(/1)) produced 334.6% (n=7) increase in the gastric acid secretion. Piperine
was however about 40 times less effective than histamine in increasing gastric
acid secretion. The effect of piperine was significantly antagonized by
cimetidine (1 mg kg(/1), n=6) but not by atropine (1 mg kg(/1), n=6). Any
involvement of cholinergic receptors in the observed piperine/induced increase
in gastric acid secretion is thus excluded. There is however an indication that
stimulation of histamine H2 receptors by piperine is likely to be involved in
the increased acidity induced by piperine.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 15027765 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
48: Magn Reson Chem. 2004 Mar;42(3):355/9.
Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of two phytosterols from roots of Piper
nigrum.
Wei K, Li W, Koike K, Pei Y, Chen Y, Nikaido T.
School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang 110016, China.
Using modern NMR techniques, including DQF/COSY, NOESY, HETCOR and HMBC, the
full assignments of all 1H and 13C chemical shifts were made for
stigmastane/3,6/dione and stigmast/4/ene/3,6/dione, isolated from the roots of
Piper nigrum (Piperaceae). Their stereochemistry was resolved by a combination
of 2D NOESY data and analysis of coupling constants. The two compounds were
isolated from the genus Piper for the first time. Copyright 2004 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 14971021 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
49: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2003;29(3):107/15.
Mast cell stabilization, lipoxygenase inhibition, hyaluronidase inhibition,
antihistaminic and antispasmodic activities of Aller/7, a novel botanical
formulation for allergic rhinitis.
Amit A, Saxena VS, Pratibha N, D'Souza P, Bagchi M, Bagchi D, Stohs SJ.
Natural Remedies Research Center, Bangalore, India.
Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, rose fever or summer catarrh, is a
major challenge to health professionals. A large number of the world's
population, including approximately 40 million Americans, suffers from allergic
rhinitis. A novel, botanical formulation (Aller/7) has been developed for the
treatment of allergic rhinitis using a combination of extracts from seven
medicinal plants, including Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, T.
bellerica, Albizia lebbeck, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale and P. longum,
which have a proven history of efficacy and health benefits. The clinical
manifestations of allergy are due to a number of mediators that are released
from mast cells. The effect of Aller/7 on rat mesenteric mast cell degranulation
was studied by incubating different concentrations of Aller/7 and challenging
them with a degranulating agent, compound 48/80. The inhibitory activity of
Aller/7 was determined against lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase, the key enzymes
involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory responses.
Furthermore, most of these manifestations are due to histamine, which causes
vasodilatation, increasing capillary permeability and leading to
bronchoconstriction. Hence, the antihistaminic activity of Aller/7 was
determined is isolated guinea pig ileum substrate using cetirizine as a positive
control. The antispasmodic effect of Aller/7 on contractions of guinea pig
tracheal chain was determined using papaverine and cetirizine as controls.
Aller/7 exhibited potent activity in all these in vitro models tested, thus
demonstrating the novel anti/allergic potential of Aller/7.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 14708456 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
50: Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2003 Dec;54(4):212/25.
Botanical insecticides for controlling agricultural pests: piperamides and the
Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata say (Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae).
Scott IM, Jensen H, Scott JG, Isman MB, Arnason JT, Philogene BJ.
Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
The efficacy of extracts from two Piperaceae species, Piper nigrum L. and P.
tuberculatum Jacq. were evaluated using larvae and adults of the Colorado Potato
Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Young larvae and neonates were the most
susceptible; a 24/h LD(50) of 0.064% extract of P. tuberculatum was determined
for 4/day/old larvae, while 0.05% extract of P. nigrum reduced larval survival
up to 70% within one week after treatment of potato Solanum tuberosum L.
(Solanaceae) plants. When an insecticide resistant strain of L. decemlineata
larvae was tested with the P. tuberculatum extract, there was less than a 2/fold
tolerance ratio compared to the 22/fold tolerance ratio to cypermethrin, a
pyrethroid. Older larvae, pre/pupal stage and adults, were less sensitive to the
P. nigrum extracts; the 24/h LD(50) was 0.5% (95% C.I. = 0.36, 0.65). However,
the same concentration was equally effective under field conditions. In the
greenhouse, P. nigrum at 0.5% was as effective at reducing adult L. decemlineata
feeding as combinations with 2 separate botanical mixtures, garlic and lemon
grass oil. Under field conditions, the residual activity of the P. nigrum
extracts was less than 3 h. When adult L. decemlineata were placed on treated
plants exposed to full sunlight for 0, 1.5, and 3 h, leaf damage progressively
increased as the main active compound, piperine, was found to degrade by 80%
after 3 h. An in vitro polysubstrate monoxygenase (PSMO) enzyme assay, using the
substrate methoxyresorufin O/demethylation (MROD), determined that the principal
P. nigrum active compound, piperine, is responsible for inhibition of that
specific enzyme. The results suggest that Piper extracts could be used
effectively as contact botanical insect control agents to protect potato plants
from developing L. decemlineata larvae at concentrations less than 0.1%. There
is also potential for Piper extracts to control insecticide resistant
populations in conjunction with other integrated pest management (IPM)
strategies used in conventional and organic agriculture. Copyright 2003
Wiley/Liss, Inc.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 14635182 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
51: J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Dec;89(2/3):261/4.
Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in plants used in Thai
traditional rejuvenating and neurotonic remedies.
Ingkaninan K, Temkitthawon P, Chuenchom K, Yuyaem T, Thongnoi W.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
kornkanoki@hotmail.com
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor has been used as a drug for the
symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In order to search for new AChE
inhibitors, 32 plants used in Thai traditional rejuvenating and neurotonic
remedies were collected. The plant methanolic extracts were tested for AChE
inhibitory activity using Ellman's colorimetric method in 96/welled microplates.
The results showed that the methanolic extracts from roots of Stephania suberosa
Forman. and Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. at
concentration of 0.1 mg/ml inhibited more than 90% of AChE activity. At the same
concentration, four extracts, i.e. stems of Piper interruptum Opiz., seeds of
Piper nigrum L., rootbarks of Butea superba Roxb. and roots of Cassia fistula L.
extracts showed 50/65% inhibitory activity on AChE. The rest of the extracts
showed the AChE inhibitory activity below 50%.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 14611889 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
52: J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2003;17(2):85/90.
Element analysis and biological studies on ten oriental spices using XRF and
Ames test.
Al/Bataina BA, Maslat AO, Al/Kofahil MM.
Physics Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
Ten oriental spices were analyzed for their element composition using X/ray
fluorescence (XRF): nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), coriander (Coriandrum sativum),
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), caraway (Carum carvi), Sicilian sumac (Rhus
coriaria), aniseed (Anisum vulgare), black pepper (Piper nigrum), cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and nigella (Nigella sativum).
The spices were found to contain the following elements: Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl,
K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn, with varying concentrations. Mutagenic studies
using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102 showed that
the above spices have no base pair substitution mutagenic activity. However, a
weak frameshift mutagenicity has been shown by nutmeg and a very weak oxidative
mutagenic action has been revealed by cumin.
PMID: 14531636 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
53: Horm Metab Res. 2003 Sep;35(9):523/6.
Piperine lowers the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, glucose and
hepatic 5'D activity in adult male mice.
Panda S, Kar A.
School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India.
Piperine, the main alkaloid of Piper nigrum fruits, was evaluated for its
thyroid hormone and glucose regulatory efficacy in adult male Swiss albino mice.
Its daily oral administration (2.50 mg/kg) for 15 days lowered the serum levels
of both the thyroid hormones, thyroxin (T (4)) and triiodothyronine (T (3)) as
well as glucose concentrations with a concomitant decrease in hepatic 5'D enzyme
and glucose/6/phospatase (G/6/Pase) activity. However, no significant
alterations were observed in animals treated with 0.25 mg/kg of piperine in any
of the activities studied except an inhibition in serum T (3) concentration. The
decrease in T (4), T (3) concentrations and in G/6/Pase were comparable to that
of a standard antithyroid drug, Proylthiouracil (PTU). The hepatic
lipid/peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of endogenous antioxidants, superoxide
dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were not significantly altered in either of
the doses. It appears that the action of P. nigrum on thyroid functions is
mediated through its active alkaloid, piperine. We also suggest that a higher
dose of piperine may inhibit thyroid function and serum glucose concentration in
euthyroid individuals.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 14517767 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
54: Microbiol Res. 2003;158(2):91/7.
Screening of antagonistic bacteria for biological control of nursery wilt of
black pepper (Piper nigrum).
Anith KN, Radhakrishnan NV, Manomohandas TP.
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural
University, Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 522, India. knanith@yahoo.com
Bacterial antagonists of Phytophthora capsici were isolated from underground
shoot portions of rooted cuttings of black pepper. Initially isolates were
screened by dual culture on potato dextrose agar and carrot agar. Further, a
screening was done on black pepper shoots for supression of lesion caused by the
pathogen. Most of the antagonists showed varying levels of antagonism in the
dual culture and the shoot assay. Isolate PN/026, showing the highest
suppression of lesion development in the shoot assay was found to be the most
efficient antagonist in reducing Phytophthora capsici induced nursery wilt of
black pepper. This screening involving the host, pathogen, and the antagonist,
performed on black pepper shoot (the planting material for this vegetatively
propagated crop), could be used as a rapid and reliable method for the isolation
of efficient bacterial antagonists of P. capsici.
PMID: 12906381 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
55: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 13;51(17):4853/60.
Extraction of chili, black pepper, and ginger with near/critical CO2, propane,
and dimethyl ether: analysis of the extracts by quantitative nuclear magnetic
resonance.
Catchpole OJ, Grey JB, Perry NB, Burgess EJ, Redmond WA, Porter NG.
Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31/310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
o.catchpole@irl.cri.nz
Ginger, black pepper, and chili powder were extracted using near/critical carbon
dioxide, propane, and dimethyl ether on a laboratory scale to determine the
overall yield and extraction efficiency for selected pungent components. The
temperature dependency of extraction yield and efficiency was also determined
for black pepper and chili using propane and dimethyl ether. The pungency of the
extracts was determined by using an NMR technique developed for this work. The
volatiles contents of ginger and black pepper extracts were also determined.
Extraction of all spice types was carried out with acetone to compare overall
yields. Subcritical dimethyl ether was as effective at extracting the pungent
principles from the spices as supercritical carbon dioxide, although a
substantial amount of water was also extracted. Subcritical propane was the
least effective solvent. All solvents quantitatively extracted the gingerols
from ginger. The yields of capsaicins obtained by supercritical CO(2) and
dimethyl ether were similar and approximately double that extracted by propane.
The yield of piperines obtained by propane extraction of black pepper was low at
approximately 10% of that achieved with dimethyl ether and CO(2), but improved
with increasing extraction temperature.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12903935 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
56: Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 May;27(5):328/33.
[Comparison of the chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Piper
nigrum Linn. with P. methysticum forst.]
[Article in Chinese]
Wei K, Dou DQ, Pei YP, Chen YJ.
Department of Phytochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang
110016, Liaoning, China
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Review
PMID: 12814095 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
57: Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 Mar;40(3):277/81.
Effect of co/administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta/lactam
antibiotics in rats.
Hiwale AR, Dhuley JN, Naik SR.
Research and Development Division of Hindustan Antibiotics Limited, Pimperi,
Pune 411 018, India.
Co/administration of piperine, an alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum L.
enhanced bioavailability of beta lactam antibiotics, amoxycillin trihydrate and
cefotaxime sodium significantly in rats. The improved bioavailability is
reflected in various pharmacokinetic parameters viz. tmax, Cmax, t(1/2) and AUC,
of these antibiotics. The increased bioavailability could be attributed to the
effect of piperine on microsomal metabolising enzymes or enzymes system.
PMID: 12635696 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
58: Mol Biotechnol. 2003 Jan;23(1):1/10.
Cloning, DNA sequence, and expression of Aeromonas caviae WS7b chitinase gene.
Malik A, Wenuganen S, Suwanto A, Tjahjono B.
South East Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (SEAMEO BIOTROP), Jl. Raya
Tajur Km 6, Bogor, Indonesia.
A chitinase/producing bacterium, designated WS7b, was isolated from a soil
sample obtained from a black/pepper plantation on Bangka Island, Indonesia.
Fatty/acid methyl/ester analysis indicated that the isolate was Aeromonas
caviae. A chitinase gene from WS7b was cloned in a pUC19/based plasmid vector,
but without its natural promoter. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene
was determined, and the structural gene consisted of a 2748/bp region encoding
864 amino acids. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the gene had been cloned
without its promoter, and this was confirmed by chitinase/plate assay of the
truncated version of the gene in Escherichia coli. The chitinase gene product
showed amino/acid sequence similarity to chiA from A. caviae. Chitinase enzyme
activity was determined spectrophotometrically, using colloidal chitin azure as
substrate for extracellular and intracellular fractions. The ability of the
chitinase cloned in E. coli to hydrolyze chitin was less than that of the enzyme
in its indigenous host.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research S
